Bladder stones are crystal masses made from minerals and proteins in urine. They can form anywhere in the urinary system, but end up in the bladder. The most common types contain calcium salts. They begin as tiny grains, but can grow to more than 2 cms in diameter. They can block the flow of urine and cause severe pain. If they scratch the bladder wall, they may lead to an infection or bleeding. Blood may be visible or in trace amounts that only a test can detect.
The causes of bladder stones are not completely understood. Diet and fluid intake appear to be important factors. Stones seem to be more common in hot climates and during summer months. They are more common in hotter regions. This may be because hot weather leads to body fluid loss. It may also be due to regional diet.
Stones are more common in men and rare in children. People with gout can have stones made of uric acid.
It is important to drink plenty of water to flush out the urinary system. Reducing calcium in the diet only benefits patients with one specific type of stone. Certain genetic factors may contribute to having bladder stones. Gout, hormone imbalance, urinary infections, or urinary obstruction are other possible factors.
The investigations for bladder stones include x-rays and analysis of urine. Numerous urine samples may be needed over the course of a day to watch for changes. Some stones may be removed by surgery. Large stones may be broken into smaller pieces using shock waves or ultrasound (lithotripsy). Urine tests and analysis of stone fragments help determine the right therapy and dietary changes. If there is no medical treatment after surgery, stones recur in about half of patients within 5 years.
The symptoms of bladder stones can be alarming. If you notice blood in your urine, consult your doctor, even if you have no pain.
Article #5261
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